Physics vocabulary list with definitions

Physics vocabulary list with definitions

Physics: The branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. The subject matter of physics includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, and the structure of atoms.

Physics vocabulary definitions and example

Acceleration
Definition: The rate at which an object’s velocity changes over time.
Example: The car’s acceleration increased as it went down the hill, reaching a higher speed.

Amplitude
Definition: The maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.
Example: The amplitude of the sound wave was so high that it caused the windows to rattle.

Atom
Definition: The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.
Example: Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Balance
Definition: A state where the sum of forces or moments acting on an object is zero, resulting in no change in motion.
Example: The seesaw was in balance when both sides had equal weights.

Baryon
Definition: A type of subatomic particle, including protons and neutrons, made up of three quarks.
Example: Protons and neutrons are both examples of baryons.

Buoyancy
Definition: The upward force exerted by a fluid on an object placed in it, which opposes the object’s weight.
Example: The buoyancy of the boat kept it afloat on the water.

Capacitance
Definition: The ability of a system to store an electric charge per unit voltage.
Example: The capacitor’s capacitance is measured in farads and determines how much charge it can store.

Centripetal Force
Definition: The force that keeps an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center of the circle.
Example: The centripetal force acting on the car as it rounds the curve keeps it on the road.

Charge
Definition: A fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric field.
Example: Electrons have a negative charge, while protons have a positive charge.

Conduction
Definition: The process by which heat or electricity is transferred through a material.
Example: Metal conducts heat well, which is why a metal spoon gets hot when left in a hot cup of tea.

Convection
Definition: The transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) by the movement of the fluid itself.
Example: Warm air rising from a heater and circulating around the room is an example of convection.

Diffraction
Definition: The bending of waves around obstacles or through openings, which results in the spreading of the waves.
Example: The diffraction of light through a narrow slit creates a pattern of bright and dark bands.

Dynamics
Definition: The branch of mechanics concerned with the forces and resulting motion of objects.
Example: Dynamics studies how forces affect the motion of an accelerating car.

Electromagnetism
Definition: The branch of physics that deals with the interactions between electric and magnetic fields.
Example: Electromagnetism explains how electric currents create magnetic fields in devices like motors.

Energy
Definition: The capacity to do work or produce change, existing in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, etc.
Example: The energy from the sun can be harnessed using solar panels to generate electricity.

Force
Definition: An interaction that changes the motion of an object, measured in newtons.
Example: The force required to push a stationary car to make it move is an example of applied force.

Frequency
Definition: The number of waves or cycles that pass a given point per unit of time.
Example: The frequency of a radio wave determines which station you are tuned into.

Friction
Definition: The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.
Example: The friction between the tires and the road surface helps to stop the car.

Gravity
Definition: The force that attracts two bodies towards each other, proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Example: Gravity causes an apple to fall from a tree to the ground.

Heat
Definition: The form of energy that transfers between systems or objects with different temperatures.
Example: Heat from the stove warms up a pot of water.

Impulse
Definition: The product of a force applied and the time duration it is applied, which changes the momentum of an object.
Example: The impulse experienced by the soccer ball when kicked results in its acceleration.

Inertia
Definition: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
Example: An object at rest stays at rest until a force acts upon it, demonstrating inertia.

Kinetic Energy
Definition: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
Example: A moving car has kinetic energy proportional to its mass and velocity.

Laser
Definition: A device that emits light through optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
Example: Lasers are used in surgery to precisely cut tissues.

Magnetism
Definition: The physical phenomenon produced by the motion of electric charge, resulting in attractive and repulsive forces between objects.
Example: The magnetism of the Earth causes compass needles to point north.

Mass
Definition: The measure of the amount of matter in an object, usually measured in kilograms or grams.
Example: The mass of a person can be determined using a scale.

Momentum
Definition: The product of an object’s mass and its velocity, representing the quantity of motion an object has.
Example: A fast-moving train has more momentum than a slow-moving bicycle.

Newton’s Laws
Definition: Three fundamental laws that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.
Example: Newton’s First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Optics
Definition: The branch of physics that studies light and its interactions with matter.
Example: Optics explains how lenses focus light to form clear images.

Oscillation
Definition: The repetitive variation in a system around an equilibrium position.
Example: A swinging pendulum exhibits oscillation as it moves back and forth.

Potential Energy
Definition: The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration.
Example: A rock perched on a cliff has potential energy due to its height.

Pressure
Definition: The force exerted per unit area on the surface of an object.
Example: Air pressure inside a tire helps support the weight of the vehicle.

Quantum Mechanics
Definition: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on an atomic and subatomic scale.
Example: Quantum mechanics explains phenomena such as electron orbitals in atoms.

Radiation
Definition: The emission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.
Example: The sun emits radiation that provides heat and light to the Earth.

Resistance
Definition: The opposition to the flow of electric current through a conductor, measured in ohms.
Example: A resistor in a circuit provides resistance to control the current flow.

Speed
Definition: The rate at which an object covers distance, irrespective of direction.
Example: The speed of a car is measured in miles per hour or kilometers per hour.

Temperature
Definition: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
Example: The temperature of boiling water is 100°C at standard atmospheric pressure.

Tension
Definition: The force transmitted through a string, rope, or cable when it is pulled tight.
Example: The tension in the rope of a tug-of-war game increases as the teams pull harder.

Thermodynamics
Definition: The branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy.
Example: Thermodynamics explains how engines convert heat into mechanical work.

Wavelength
Definition: The distance between successive peaks or troughs of a wave.
Example: The color of light depends on its wavelength, with red light having a longer wavelength than blue light.

Absolute Zero
Definition: The lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder, defined as 0 Kelvin, at which the motion of atoms theoretically comes to a complete stop.
Example: Absolute zero is theoretically unattainable, but it represents the limit of how cold a system can get.

Accuracy
Definition: The degree to which a measured value agrees with the true value.
Example: A thermometer with high accuracy will closely match the actual temperature of the substance being measured.

Acoustic
Definition: Relating to sound or the sense of hearing.
Example: Acoustic engineering involves designing spaces to optimize sound quality.

Action
Definition: The product of force and the time during which it acts, leading to a change in momentum.
Example: When a rocket engine fires, the action of the exhaust gases being expelled creates thrust.

Adhesion
Definition: The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another.
Example: Adhesion is responsible for water droplets sticking to a glass surface.

Affect
Definition: The influence of one object or force on another.
Example: The affect of gravity on an object causes it to fall towards the Earth.

Alteration
Definition: A change in the physical state or properties of an object or system.
Example: The alteration of a material’s state from solid to liquid occurs when heated.

Angular
Definition: Relating to or measured by angles.
Example: Angular velocity describes the rate at which an object rotates around a central point.

Apparent
Definition: Observed or perceived, often as opposed to what is actually the case.
Example: The apparent weight of an object might differ due to the buoyancy effects in water.

Applied
Definition: Pertaining to practical use or implementation of scientific principles.
Example: Applied physics involves using physical principles to solve real-world problems, like designing new technologies.

Apply
Definition: To put a concept or method into practical use in a specific situation.
Example: To solve the problem, you need to apply Newton’s laws of motion to understand how the forces interact.

Aptitude
Definition: A natural ability to learn or excel in a particular field or subject.
Example: His aptitude for physics was evident in his quick grasp of complex concepts.

Aristotle
Definition: An ancient Greek philosopher whose work laid foundational principles for various fields, including physics.
Example: Aristotle’s theories on motion and natural philosophy influenced early scientific thought.

Aspect
Definition: A particular part or feature of something.
Example: The aspect of wave behavior in optics is crucial for understanding how lenses focus light.

Atmosphere
Definition: The layer of gases surrounding a planet, influencing weather and climate.
Example: The Earth’s atmosphere is essential for sustaining life and protecting the planet from harmful radiation.

Atomic
Definition: Pertaining to atoms, the basic units of matter.
Example: Atomic theory explains the composition and behavior of matter at the most fundamental level.

Attenuate
Definition: To reduce the force, effect, or value of something.
Example: The material was designed to attenuate sound waves, reducing noise in the room.

Attraction
Definition: The force that pulls objects toward each other.
Example: Gravity is a type of attraction that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth.

Aviation
Definition: The operation of aircraft and the science of flight.
Example: Aviation technology has advanced significantly, leading to more efficient and safer air travel.

Axis
Definition: An imaginary line around which an object rotates or is symmetrically arranged.
Example: The Earth’s axis is tilted, which affects the seasonal changes throughout the year.

Basic
Definition: Fundamental principles or concepts that form the foundation of a subject.
Example: Understanding the basic principles of force and motion is essential before delving into more complex physics topics.

Bodies
Definition: Physical objects or entities with mass and volume.
Example: In astronomy, celestial bodies such as stars, planets, and moons are studied to understand their behavior and interactions.

Boson
Definition: A type of subatomic particle that mediates forces, such as the Higgs boson associated with the Higgs field.
Example: The discovery of the Higgs boson confirmed the mechanism that gives particles their mass.

Branch
Definition: A subdivision or specialized area within a broader field of study.
Example: Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that focuses on the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels.

Calculus
Definition: A branch of mathematics that deals with rates of change and the accumulation of quantities.
Example: Calculus is used in physics to solve problems involving motion and forces by analyzing functions and their derivatives.

Capacity
Definition: The maximum amount that something can contain or achieve.
Example: The capacity of a capacitor in an electrical circuit determines how much charge it can store.

Centrifugal
Definition: The force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, perceived as pushing away from the center.
Example: The centrifugal force felt when swinging around in a circle is due to the object’s inertia.

Change
Definition: The act or process of becoming different or undergoing modification.
Example: A change in temperature can cause a substance to undergo a phase transition from solid to liquid.

Chao
Definition: Often refers to the study of chaos theory, which examines complex systems and their behavior over time.
Example: Chaos theory explores how small changes in initial conditions can lead to vastly different outcomes in weather patterns.

Chemical
Definition: Pertaining to substances composed of matter, their properties, and their interactions.
Example: Chemical reactions are fundamental in understanding how substances change and interact in various physical processes.

Chromatic
Definition: Relating to colors or the spectrum of light.
Example: Chromatic dispersion occurs when different colors of light are separated by a prism.

Circular
Definition: Having the shape of a circle; related to objects or motions that follow a circular path.
Example: The motion of planets around the sun is often approximated as circular.

Collide
Definition: To come into forceful contact with another object.
Example: When two cars collide, the impact results in a transfer of kinetic energy and deformation of the vehicles.

Component
Definition: A part or element of a larger system or mechanism.
Example: The component parts of an electric circuit include resistors, capacitors, and transistors.

Compression
Definition: The reduction in volume or space due to applied pressure.
Example: Compression of a gas decreases its volume and increases its pressure according to Boyle’s law.

Condensation
Definition: The process by which a gas turns into a liquid as it cools down.
Example: Condensation occurs when water vapor in the air cools and forms droplets on a cold surface.

Conductivity
Definition: The ability of a material to conduct electricity or heat.
Example: Metals generally have high electrical conductivity, making them suitable for electrical wiring.

Conservation
Definition: The principle that certain quantities remain constant in an isolated system, such as energy or momentum.
Example: The conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Constant
Definition: A quantity that remains unchanged throughout a process or in a given context.
Example: The speed of light in a vacuum is considered a constant in the theory of relativity.

Control
Definition: The ability to regulate or manage a variable or process in an experiment or system.
Example: A control group in an experiment helps to determine the effect of the variable being tested.

Conversion
Definition: The process of changing from one form of energy to another or from one unit to another.
Example: In a power plant, chemical energy in fuel is converted into electrical energy.

Copernicus
Definition: A Renaissance astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the solar system.
Example: Copernicus’ model proposed that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, revolutionizing our understanding of the cosmos.

Cosmology
Definition: The study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.
Example: Cosmology explores concepts such as the Big Bang theory and the expansion of the universe.

Curie
Definition: A unit of radioactivity, named after Marie and Pierre Curie, who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
Example: The level of radioactivity in a sample might be measured in curies to determine its intensity.

Damping
Definition: The reduction of the amplitude of oscillations in a system, often due to energy loss.
Example: Damping in a car’s suspension system helps to reduce vibrations and provide a smoother ride.

Decibel
Definition: A unit of measurement for sound intensity or level, based on a logarithmic scale.
Example: A normal conversation occurs at about 60 decibels, while a jet engine can produce noise levels of up to 140 decibels.

Density
Definition: The mass per unit volume of a substance.
Example: Water has a density of 1 gram per cubic centimeter, which determines how objects float or sink.

Dependence
Definition: The relationship between two variables where one affects the other.
Example: The dependence of the pressure of a gas on its volume and temperature is described by the ideal gas law.

Deposit
Definition: A layer or accumulation of a substance that has settled out of a solution or suspended state.
Example: Sedimentary rock layers are formed from the deposit of minerals over time.

Design
Definition: The process of creating a plan or blueprint for a system or device.
Example: Engineers design bridges to ensure they can support expected loads and environmental conditions.

Development
Definition: The process of advancing or improving a system or concept through research and experimentation.
Example: The development of new materials involves testing and refining their properties for specific applications.

Deviation
Definition: The amount by which a measured value differs from a reference value or expected result.
Example: The deviation of an experimental result from the theoretical value helps identify experimental errors.

Diode
Definition: A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only.
Example: Diodes are used in electronic circuits to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).

Direction
Definition: The path along which something moves or the orientation of a force.
Example: The direction of the gravitational force is always towards the center of the Earth.

Discipline
Definition: A branch of knowledge or field of study, particularly one that requires rigorous methods and principles.
Example: Physics is a scientific discipline that uses mathematical models to understand the natural world.

Displacement
Definition: The vector quantity that represents the change in position of an object.
Example: If you walk 3 meters east and then 4 meters north, your displacement is 5 meters northeast.

Distance
Definition: The scalar quantity that represents the total length of the path traveled by an object.
Example: The distance between two cities can be measured in kilometers or miles.

Distortion
Definition: Any change in the original shape or sound of an object or signal due to interference or other factors.
Example: Acoustic distortion occurs when sound waves are altered by the properties of a room.

Disturbance
Definition: A deviation from the normal state or condition in a system.
Example: A disturbance in the atmosphere, such as a storm, can affect weather patterns and climate.

Doctorate
Definition: The highest academic degree awarded by universities, typically requiring original research.
Example: Earning a doctorate in physics involves completing extensive research and contributing new knowledge to the field.

Drag
Definition: The resistance force exerted by a fluid (such as air or water) against the motion of an object.
Example: A parachute creates drag to slow down the descent of a skydiver.

Dynamic
Definition: Pertaining to forces and motion in systems that change over time.
Example: Dynamic analysis of a car’s suspension system involves studying how it responds to various road conditions.

Effect
Definition: A change that results from a particular action or cause.
Example: The effect of increased temperature on the resistance of a conductor is a key consideration in electronics.

Einstein
Definition: Albert Einstein, a physicist known for his theories of relativity and contributions to quantum mechanics.
Example: Einstein’s theory of relativity revolutionized our understanding of space and time.

Elasticity
Definition: The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed by an applied force.
Example: Rubber bands exhibit high elasticity, stretching and then returning to their original shape.

Electricity
Definition: The flow of electric charge through a conductor.
Example: Electricity powers most of our modern technology, from light bulbs to computers.

Electromagnetic
Definition: Relating to the interaction of electric and magnetic fields.
Example: Electromagnetic waves include visible light, radio waves, and X-rays.

Electron
Definition: A subatomic particle with a negative electric charge, found in the outer regions of atoms.
Example: The movement of electrons through a conductor creates an electric current.

Electronic
Definition: Pertaining to devices or systems that use the flow of electrons to perform functions.
Example: Electronic gadgets such as smartphones and laptops rely on intricate circuitry to operate.

Emission
Definition: The release or discharge of energy in the form of radiation or particles.
Example: The emission of light from a glowing bulb is due to the excitation of electrons in the filament.

Engine
Definition: A machine that converts various forms of energy into mechanical work.
Example: An internal combustion engine in a car converts fuel into motion.

Engineer
Definition: A professional who applies scientific principles to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, and systems.
Example: A mechanical engineer designs and tests mechanical systems, such as engines and machines.

Entropy
Definition: A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system, often associated with the second law of thermodynamics.
Example: Entropy increases as a system becomes more disordered, such as when ice melts into water.

Equation
Definition: A mathematical statement that shows the equality of two expressions, often used to describe physical laws.
Example: Einstein’s famous equation E=mc2E = mc^2E=mc2 relates energy (E) to mass (m) and the speed of light (c).

Equilibrium
Definition: A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced, resulting in no net change.
Example: In a chemical reaction at equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

Equivalent
Definition: Having the same value, function, or effect as something else.
Example: Two different materials may be equivalent in terms of their thermal conductivity if they conduct heat equally well.

Evaporation
Definition: The process by which a liquid changes into a gas at its surface.
Example: Evaporation of water from a puddle occurs as the water molecules gain enough energy to become vapor.

Expansion
Definition: The increase in size or volume of an object or substance due to heat or other factors.
Example: Thermal expansion causes metal bridges to expand and contract with temperature changes.

Experiment
Definition: A scientific procedure undertaken to test a hypothesis or discover new information.
Example: An experiment to measure the acceleration due to gravity involves dropping objects and timing their fall.

Explosion
Definition: A sudden and violent release of energy, often resulting in a rapid expansion and shockwave.
Example: An explosion in a fireworks display is caused by the rapid combustion of chemical compounds.

External
Definition: Relating to forces or influences coming from outside a system.
Example: External forces, such as wind or friction, can affect the motion of a moving vehicle.

Factor
Definition: An element or condition that contributes to a result or outcome.
Example: Several factors, including temperature and pressure, affect the rate of a chemical reaction.

Fission
Definition: The process by which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing energy.
Example: Nuclear fission is used in power plants to generate electricity through the splitting of uranium atoms.

Flight
Definition: The action or process of flying through the air, often referring to the movement of aircraft or birds.
Example: The principles of aerodynamics are used to understand and control the flight of airplanes.

Flow
Definition: The movement of a fluid or the rate at which it moves through a conduit.
Example: The flow rate of water through a pipe is measured in liters per second.

Fluid
Definition: A substance that can flow and take the shape of its container, including liquids and gases.
Example: Air is a fluid that can be compressed and is essential for understanding aerodynamics.

Flying
Definition: The act of moving through the air, typically referring to aircraft or birds.
Example: Birds use their wings to achieve flying, taking advantage of aerodynamic lift and thrust.

Focus
Definition: The point at which light rays converge or the central point of attention or activity.
Example: A camera lens focuses light onto a sensor to create a clear image.

Form
Definition: The shape or configuration of an object or system.
Example: The form of an object can affect how it interacts with forces, such as aerodynamic drag.

Formula
Definition: A mathematical expression that describes a relationship between different variables.
Example: The formula for gravitational force is F=Gm1m2r2F = \frac{Gm_1m_2}{r^2}F=r2Gm1​m2​​, where GGG is the gravitational constant.

Fulcrum
Definition: The pivot point around which a lever rotates.
Example: In a seesaw, the fulcrum is the central support that allows the two sides to move up and down.

Fundamental
Definition: Basic or essential principles that form the foundation of a subject.
Example: The fundamental principles of physics include concepts such as force, energy, and motion.

Galileo
Definition: An Italian scientist known for his pioneering work in physics, including the study of motion and the development of the telescope.
Example: Galileo’s observations of the moons of Jupiter provided crucial evidence for the heliocentric model of the solar system.

Gas
Definition: A state of matter with no fixed shape or volume, where particles move freely and are widely spaced.
Example: Oxygen is a gas that is essential for respiration and combustion.

Generate
Definition: To produce or create energy, heat, or other forms of output.
Example: Wind turbines generate electricity by converting the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy.

Geophysics
Definition: The branch of physics that studies the Earth’s physical properties and processes.
Example: Geophysics includes the study of seismic waves to understand the structure of the Earth’s interior.

Gilbert
Definition: Refers to William Gilbert, a scientist known for his work on magnetism and electricity.
Example: Gilbert’s studies laid the groundwork for our understanding of Earth’s magnetic field.

Graph
Definition: A diagram that represents data or relationships between variables using points, lines, or bars.
Example: A graph of temperature versus time can show how a substance heats up or cools down.

Gravitation
Definition: The force of attraction between masses due to gravity.
Example: Gravitation causes objects to fall towards the Earth and governs the orbits of planets around the Sun.

Guide
Definition: A tool or device that directs or aids in the navigation or operation of a system.
Example: A laser guide helps in aligning optical components in precision instruments.

Gyroscope
Definition: A device used to measure or maintain orientation based on the principles of angular momentum.
Example: Gyroscopes are used in aircraft and spacecraft to help maintain stable flight or navigation.

Half-life
Definition: The time required for half of the atoms in a radioactive sample to decay.
Example: The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, which is used in radiocarbon dating.

Harness
Definition: To control and use energy or resources effectively.
Example: Engineers harness wind energy using turbines to generate electricity.

Hertz
Definition: The unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one cycle per second.
Example: The frequency of the alternating current in most household electrical systems is 50 or 60 hertz.

Hold
Definition: To maintain or support an object or force.
Example: A magnetic field can hold and manipulate charged particles in certain types of experiments.

Hydraulic
Definition: Pertaining to the use of liquids to transmit force or perform work.
Example: Hydraulic systems are used in car brakes and heavy machinery to amplify force.

Identical
Definition: Exactly the same in every detail.
Example: Two objects are considered identical if they have the same mass, volume, and density.

Impact
Definition: The effect or influence of one object or force colliding with another.
Example: The impact of a meteorite hitting Earth can cause significant damage and create craters.

Incandescent
Definition: Emitting light as a result of being heated to a high temperature.
Example: Incandescent light bulbs produce light by heating a filament until it glows.

Influence
Definition: The effect or change one variable or factor has on another.
Example: The influence of temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction is an important consideration in reaction kinetics.

Innovate
Definition: To introduce new ideas, methods, or devices.
Example: Scientists innovate new materials for better performance in space exploration.

Inquiry
Definition: The act of seeking information or conducting research to understand a phenomenon.
Example: The inquiry into dark matter involves studying its effects on the movement of galaxies.

Interaction
Definition: The effect that two or more entities have on each other.
Example: The interaction between electric and magnetic fields is the basis of electromagnetic waves.

Intervening
Definition: The act of coming between events or conditions to influence or change outcomes.
Example: Intervening variables in an experiment can affect the results, so they must be controlled.

Invention
Definition: The creation of a new device, method, or process.
Example: The invention of the transistor revolutionized electronics by enabling smaller and more efficient devices.

Inverse
Definition: A relationship where one variable increases as another decreases.
Example: The inverse square law describes how the intensity of light decreases with the square of the distance from the source.

Investigation
Definition: A systematic examination or research to uncover facts or principles.
Example: An investigation into the properties of superconductors helps in developing technologies like MRI machines.

Invisible
Definition: Not visible to the eye, often because it does not emit light in the visible spectrum.
Example: Infrared radiation is invisible to the human eye but can be detected with special sensors.

Irradiate
Definition: To expose something to radiation, often to disinfect or alter its properties.
Example: Food is irradiated to kill bacteria and extend shelf life.

Isotope
Definition: Variants of a chemical element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Example: Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon, with different numbers of neutrons.

Joule
Definition: The SI unit of energy, equivalent to the energy required to move one coulomb of electric charge through an electric potential difference of one volt.
Example: One joule is the amount of energy used to lift a small apple one meter against gravity.

Jump
Definition: A sudden movement or change in position, often in the context of physics, referring to a change in energy or state.
Example: An electron jumping to a higher energy level in an atom is a key concept in quantum mechanics.

Kinetic
Definition: Relating to motion, especially the energy of moving objects.
Example: Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.

Law
Definition: A fundamental principle that describes the behavior of a physical system under certain conditions.
Example: Newton’s laws of motion describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.

Leap
Definition: A sudden or significant change or movement, often used metaphorically in scientific contexts.
Example: The leap from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics marked a significant shift in physics.

Level
Definition: A specific position or stage in a range of measurements or quantities.
Example: The water level in a reservoir can be measured to determine its volume.

Lift
Definition: The force that acts perpendicular to the direction of motion, often associated with flying objects.
Example: An airplane’s wings generate lift by creating a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces.

Light
Definition: Electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye.
Example: Light from the sun provides the energy needed for photosynthesis in plants.

Liquid
Definition: A state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape, taking the shape of its container.
Example: Water is a common liquid that flows and conforms to the shape of its container.

Loft
Definition: The height or angle of an object or surface, especially in the context of projectile motion.
Example: The loft of a golf club affects the trajectory and distance of the ball.

Lumen
Definition: The SI unit of luminous flux, measuring the amount of light emitted per second.
Example: A typical household light bulb might emit around 800 lumens.

Machinery
Definition: Machines collectively or a system of machines working together.
Example: Industrial machinery is used to automate manufacturing processes.

Magnet
Definition: An object that produces a magnetic field and attracts ferromagnetic materials.
Example: A refrigerator magnet sticks to the metal door due to magnetic attraction.

Magnitude
Definition: The size or extent of a physical quantity, often used to describe force, energy, or other measures.
Example: The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale.

Mathematic
Definition: Pertaining to mathematics, often used to describe concepts or principles related to numbers and calculations.
Example: Mathematic equations are fundamental in solving physics problems.

Matter
Definition: Any substance that has mass and occupies space.
Example: Matter exists in various states, including solid, liquid, and gas.

Measure
Definition: To determine the size, amount, or degree of something using standard units.
Example: Instruments like rulers and scales are used to measure physical quantities such as length and weight.

Mechanic
Definition: A branch of physics dealing with the motion of objects and the forces that act on them.
Example: Mechanics explains how and why objects move, including the study of forces and motion.

Meteorology
Definition: The scientific study of weather and atmospheric conditions.
Example: Meteorology involves predicting weather patterns and understanding climate changes.

Metric
Definition: A system of measurement based on meters, liters, and grams, used internationally for scientific and everyday purposes.
Example: The metric system simplifies calculations and conversions in scientific research.

Modulate
Definition: To adjust or vary the amplitude, frequency, or other properties of a signal or wave.
Example: Radio signals are modulated to carry information over long distances.

Molecule
Definition: A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit of a chemical compound.
Example: A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Motion
Definition: The change in position of an object with respect to time.
Example: The motion of a car can be described in terms of speed, direction, and acceleration.

Movement
Definition: The act of changing position or place, often used interchangeably with motion.
Example: The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Navigation
Definition: The process of determining and planning the route of a vehicle or object from one place to another.
Example: GPS technology aids in navigation by providing accurate location data.

Negative
Definition: Referring to a quantity or value less than zero, or a charge opposite to positive.
Example: Electrons have a negative charge, which is fundamental to electrical phenomena.

Newton
Definition: The SI unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton, equivalent to the force required to accelerate a one-kilogram mass by one meter per second squared.
Example: A force of 10 newtons is applied to push an object, causing it to accelerate.

Noise
Definition: Unwanted or random variations that interfere with the measurement or detection of signals.
Example: Electronic noise can affect the clarity of signals in communication systems.

Nuclear
Definition: Pertaining to the nucleus of an atom or the energy released in nuclear reactions.
Example: Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission reactions.

Nucleus
Definition: The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons, or the core of a cell in biology.
Example: The nucleus of an atom is responsible for its mass and most of its positive charge.

Object
Definition: A physical item that can be studied or measured in physics, or something that occupies space.
Example: A ball thrown into the air is an object whose motion can be analyzed using physics principles.

Optic
Definition: Relating to light or vision, especially the study of lenses and optical systems.
Example: Optic devices like microscopes use lenses to magnify small objects.

Overload
Definition: An excessive amount of pressure or force that exceeds the capacity of a system.
Example: Overloading an electrical circuit can cause overheating and potential damage.

Parallax
Definition: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles.
Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to nearby stars by observing their apparent movement against distant background stars.

Parity
Definition: The property of being equal or equivalent in magnitude and effect, often used in physics to describe symmetry.
Example: Parity conservation is an important principle in particle physics, related to the symmetry of physical laws.

Particle
Definition: A small localized object to which can be ascribed physical properties.
Example: Electrons and protons are fundamental particles that make up atoms.

Performance
Definition: The efficiency or effectiveness of a system or device in performing its intended function.
Example: The performance of an engine is evaluated based on its power output and fuel efficiency.

Phenomenon
Definition: An observable event or occurrence, often studied in physics to understand underlying principles.
Example: The phenomenon of gravitational lensing occurs when massive objects bend light from distant stars.

Photon
Definition: A quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation, representing the smallest possible discrete amount of electromagnetic energy.
Example: Photons are the particles that carry light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.

Piston
Definition: A cylindrical component that moves back and forth within a cylinder, often used in engines to convert pressure into mechanical work.
Example: In an internal combustion engine, pistons move up and down to generate power from fuel combustion.

Pitch
Definition: The perceived frequency of a sound, which determines how high or low it sounds.
Example: A violin string that is tightened will produce a higher pitch compared to a loosened string.

Plasma
Definition: A state of matter consisting of a ionized gas with free electrons and ions, typically found at high temperatures.
Example: The sun and other stars are made of plasma, where nuclear fusion occurs.

Position
Definition: The location of an object in a given coordinate system.
Example: The position of a satellite is determined by its coordinates relative to Earth.

Prediction
Definition: A forecast or estimate of a future event based on current data or scientific principles.
Example: Meteorologists use weather models to make predictions about upcoming storms.

Principal
Definition: A fundamental concept or law in physics that forms the basis for further study or theory.
Example: The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Projectile
Definition: An object that is thrown or propelled into the air and is subject to forces like gravity and air resistance.
Example: A basketball shot is a projectile motion problem that involves calculating the trajectory.

Propagation
Definition: The movement or transmission of waves through a medium.
Example: The propagation of sound waves through air allows us to hear sounds.

Properties
Definition: Characteristics or attributes of materials or systems that define their behavior and interactions.
Example: Properties like density and elasticity determine how materials respond to forces.

Proportion
Definition: The ratio or relative size of one quantity compared to another.
Example: The proportion of a liquid in a container can affect its pressure and buoyancy.

Psi
Definition: The Greek letter used to represent various physical quantities, such as pressure in fluids.
Example: The pressure of a gas can be measured in psi (pounds per square inch) in a pressurized container.

Pulse
Definition: A brief burst of energy or a periodic change in a quantity, often used in reference to waves or signals.
Example: A pulse of light emitted by a laser is used in various scientific and medical applications.

Quality
Definition: The measure of how well a system or component performs its intended function.
Example: The quality of a signal is assessed based on clarity and minimal distortion.

Quandary
Definition: A state of uncertainty or perplexity, often faced in decision-making scenarios.
Example: A physicist may face a quandary when interpreting conflicting experimental results.

Quanta
Definition: Discrete packets of energy or matter, fundamental to quantum mechanics.
Example: Light can be thought of as being made up of quanta called photons.

Quantitative
Definition: Relating to the measurement or representation of quantities.
Example: Quantitative analysis involves measuring numerical data to understand physical phenomena.

Quantity
Definition: An amount or measurement of a physical property.
Example: The quantity of water in a tank can be measured in liters or gallons.

Quantum
Definition: The smallest discrete quantity of a physical property that can exist independently.
Example: Quantum mechanics studies the behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.

Quark
Definition: A fundamental particle that is a building block of protons and neutrons.
Example: Quarks come in six types: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom.

Radioactivity
Definition: The process by which unstable atomic nuclei release energy through radiation.
Example: Uranium-238 undergoes radioactive decay and emits alpha particles.

Reception
Definition: The process of receiving and interpreting signals or waves.
Example: The reception of radio signals depends on the strength and clarity of the transmitted waves.

Relationship
Definition: The connection or interaction between two or more physical quantities or systems.
Example: The relationship between force, mass, and acceleration is described by Newton’s second law.

Relative
Definition: Pertaining to the comparison of quantities or measurements in relation to each other.
Example: The concept of relativity in physics involves understanding how measurements change depending on the observer’s frame of reference.

Relativity
Definition: The theory developed by Albert Einstein that describes the relationship between space, time, and gravity.
Example: Einstein’s theory of relativity revolutionized our understanding of gravity and the structure of the universe.

Repulsion
Definition: The force that pushes objects away from each other, often due to similar charges or magnetic poles.
Example: The repulsion between like magnetic poles causes them to push away from each other.

Research
Definition: The systematic investigation into physical phenomena to discover or revise facts and theories.
Example: Research in particle physics helps us understand the fundamental particles and forces of the universe.

Resolution
Definition: The degree of detail visible in a measurement or image, or the ability to distinguish between closely spaced objects.
Example: The resolution of a microscope determines how clearly small objects can be seen.

Resonance
Definition: The phenomenon where an object or system vibrates with increased amplitude at certain frequencies.
Example: A swing moves higher when pushed at its natural frequency due to resonance.

Rest
Definition: The state of an object when it is not in motion relative to a reference frame.
Example: An object at rest has no net force acting on it, according to Newton’s first law of motion.

Reversal
Definition: The change in direction or polarity of a physical quantity or process.
Example: The reversal of a magnetic field can be observed during geomagnetic reversals.

Robotic
Definition: Pertaining to robots or automation systems designed to perform tasks typically done by humans.
Example: Robotic arms in manufacturing plants can precisely assemble parts with high efficiency.

Rotation
Definition: The circular movement of an object around an axis.
Example: The rotation of Earth on its axis results in day and night cycles.

Saturation
Definition: The state at which no more of a substance can be absorbed, dissolved, or combined.
Example: The saturation point of a solution is reached when no more solute can dissolve in the solvent.

Scalar
Definition: A physical quantity that has magnitude but no direction.
Example: Temperature is a scalar quantity because it only has magnitude and no directional component.

Science
Definition: The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation.
Example: Physics is a branch of science that explores the fundamental principles governing matter and energy.

Scientific
Definition: Relating to or based on the principles and methods of science.
Example: Scientific research relies on hypothesis testing and empirical evidence.

Seismology
Definition: The study of earthquakes and the propagation of seismic waves through the Earth.
Example: Seismologists use seismographs to measure the intensity and location of earthquakes.

Semiconductor
Definition: A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator, used in electronic devices.
Example: Silicon is a common semiconductor material used in computer chips and solar cells.

Shape
Definition: The external form or appearance of an object, determined by its boundaries.
Example: The shape of a lens affects how it refracts light and focuses images.

Shift
Definition: A change in position or direction, often used to describe alterations in physical systems or measurements.
Example: A shift in the spectrum of light can indicate the movement of celestial objects.

Sir
Definition: A formal address used for someone with a distinguished or authoritative role, often in academic or professional contexts.
Example: Sir Isaac Newton is a prominent figure in the history of physics.

Solid
Definition: A state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume, with particles arranged in a fixed structure.
Example: Ice is a solid form of water, with molecules arranged in a crystalline structure.

Sonic
Definition: Relating to sound or the speed of sound.
Example: Sonic booms occur when an object exceeds the speed of sound.

Sound
Definition: Vibrations that travel through a medium (such as air or water) and can be heard when they reach the ear.
Example: Sound waves are created by vibrating objects and propagate through various media.

Space
Definition: The boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction.
Example: Astronomers study space to understand the universe’s structure and evolution.

Spectrum
Definition: The range of different colors or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
Example: The visible spectrum includes all the colors of light that can be seen by the human eye.

Standing
Definition: Describes a state of equilibrium or stability, often used to refer to waves or objects in a fixed position.
Example: Standing waves are formed when waves reflect back and forth between fixed points.

Stationary
Definition: Not moving or not intended to be moved.
Example: A stationary object has no velocity relative to a reference point.

Statistic
Definition: A numerical value or measure that summarizes or describes data from a statistical study.
Example: The mean and standard deviation are statistics used to describe the distribution of data.

Strain
Definition: The deformation or change in shape of a material due to applied forces.
Example: Strain in a material is measured as the ratio of the change in length to the original length.

Stress
Definition: The internal force per unit area within a material that arises from external forces.
Example: Stress causes materials to deform and can lead to failure if it exceeds the material’s strength.

Structure
Definition: The arrangement or organization of parts within a physical object or system.
Example: The structure of a crystal lattice determines its physical properties, such as hardness and transparency.

Study
Definition: The detailed examination and analysis of a particular physical phenomenon or concept.
Example: The study of fluid dynamics involves analyzing the behavior of liquids and gases in motion.

Sublimation
Definition: The process where a substance transitions directly from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
Example: Dry ice sublimates at room temperature, turning from solid carbon dioxide into gas.

Substance
Definition: A form of matter with specific properties and composition.
Example: Water, gold, and air are all examples of substances with distinct characteristics.

Surface
Definition: The outermost layer or boundary of an object or material.
Example: The surface of a lens affects how light is refracted and focused.

Suspension
Definition: A mixture in which particles are dispersed throughout a fluid but not dissolved.
Example: Muddy water is a suspension where solid particles are suspended in liquid.

Symmetry
Definition: The property where one part of an object or system is a mirror image or identical to another part.
Example: The symmetry of a snowflake is due to its six-fold pattern.

System
Definition: A set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole.
Example: The solar system includes the Sun and all objects orbiting it, such as planets and asteroids.

Tensile
Definition: Pertaining to the ability of a material to withstand tension or stretching forces.
Example: Steel has high tensile strength, making it suitable for construction and structural applications.

Theoretical
Definition: Relating to or based on abstract principles or concepts rather than practical applications.
Example: Theoretical physics explores concepts like string theory and quantum mechanics.

Theory
Definition: A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed.
Example: The theory of relativity describes how gravity affects the fabric of space-time.

Thermal
Definition: Relating to heat or temperature.
Example: Thermal conductivity measures how well a material can conduct heat.

Thermodynamic
Definition: Pertaining to the study of heat and energy transfer within physical systems.
Example: Thermodynamics principles explain how engines convert heat into work.

Thrust
Definition: The force exerted in a direction opposite to the motion of an object, often used in propulsion.
Example: The thrust produced by a rocket engine propels the spacecraft into space.

Torque
Definition: A measure of the rotational force applied to an object.
Example: The torque applied by a wrench allows you to tighten a bolt.

Training
Definition: The process of acquiring knowledge and skills in a specific field, such as physics.
Example: Engineers undergo training to understand the principles of mechanics and materials science.

Trajectory
Definition: The path followed by a projectile or object in motion under the influence of forces.
Example: The trajectory of a thrown baseball is influenced by gravity and air resistance.

Transformation
Definition: The process of changing from one state or form to another.
Example: Energy transformation occurs when potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

Transistor
Definition: A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals.
Example: Transistors are fundamental components in modern electronic devices like computers and radios.

Transition
Definition: The process of changing from one state or phase to another.
Example: The phase transition from liquid to gas occurs during boiling.

Trough
Definition: The lowest point of a wave or oscillation.
Example: In a water wave, the trough is the point where the water level is at its lowest.

Turning
Definition: The action of rotating or changing direction.
Example: The turning of a steering wheel changes the direction of a vehicle.

Ultrasonic
Definition: Relating to sound waves with frequencies above the audible range (greater than 20,000 Hz).
Example: Ultrasonic imaging is used in medical diagnostics to visualize internal organs.

Uncertainty
Definition: The degree to which a measurement or prediction is not precise or definite.
Example: The uncertainty in a scientific measurement can affect the accuracy of experimental results.

Uniform
Definition: Consistent or the same throughout; having the same properties in all directions.
Example: Uniform electric fields are produced between two parallel plates with equal and opposite charges.

Unify
Definition: To bring together or combine different elements into a single system or theory.
Example: The goal of unifying theories is to create a single framework that explains various physical phenomena.

Unique
Definition: Being one of a kind; having no equal or equivalent.
Example: Each particle in the universe is unique in terms of its properties and interactions.

Unit
Definition: A standard measurement used to quantify physical quantities.
Example: The meter is the unit of length in the International System of Units (SI).

Universal
Definition: Applying to or affecting all things in the universe or a system.
Example: Universal laws of physics, such as Newton’s laws, apply to all objects regardless of their location.

University
Definition: An institution of higher learning that offers academic degrees and conducts research.
Example: Many universities have dedicated departments for advanced studies in physics.

Vacuum
Definition: A space devoid of matter, including air, often created for experiments.
Example: A vacuum chamber is used to study the behavior of objects in the absence of air resistance.

Value
Definition: The numerical magnitude or amount of a physical quantity.
Example: The value of gravitational acceleration on Earth is approximately 9.81 m/s².

Vapor
Definition: The gaseous phase of a substance that is typically liquid or solid at room temperature.
Example: Water vapor is the gaseous form of water that contributes to cloud formation.

Variable
Definition: A quantity that can change and affect the outcome of an experiment or calculation.
Example: In the equation for velocity, time is a variable that affects how fast an object moves.

Variation
Definition: The difference or fluctuation in a physical quantity or measurement.
Example: Temperature variation throughout the day can affect the performance of materials.

Vector
Definition: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
Example: Velocity is a vector quantity because it includes both speed and direction.

Velocity
Definition: The rate of change of position with respect to time, including direction.
Example: A car traveling at 60 km/h eastward has a velocity of 60 km/h in the east direction.

Viscosity
Definition: A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow or deformation.
Example: Honey has a higher viscosity compared to water due to its thicker consistency.

Volatile
Definition: Capable of evaporating quickly at room temperature or under normal conditions.
Example: Acetone is a volatile liquid that evaporates rapidly when exposed to air.

Voltage
Definition: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit.
Example: The voltage supplied by a battery determines the flow of electric current in a circuit.

Volume
Definition: The amount of space occupied by a substance or enclosed within a container.
Example: The volume of a gas can be measured in liters using a gas syringe.

Wave
Definition: A disturbance that travels through a medium or space, transferring energy from one point to another.
Example: Light waves and sound waves are examples of different types of waves that propagate energy.

Weight
Definition: The force exerted on an object due to gravity.
Example: The weight of a person on Earth is the result of the gravitational pull acting on their mass.

White
Definition: The color perceived when light contains all wavelengths of the visible spectrum.
Example: White light can be separated into its constituent colors using a prism.

X-ray
Definition: A form of electromagnetic radiation with very short wavelengths used for imaging and analysis.
Example: X-ray machines are used in medical diagnostics to view the internal structure of bones.

Zone
Definition: A specific area or region characterized by particular physical properties or conditions.
Example: The ozone layer is a zone in the Earth’s atmosphere that absorbs and protects against ultraviolet radiation.

List of Physics Vocabulary